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The history of St. Louis, Missouri from 1804 to 1865 included the creation of St. Louis as the territorial capital of the Louisiana Territory, a brief period of growth until the Panic of 1819 and subsequent depression, rapid diversification of industry after the introduction of the steamboat and the return of prosperity, and rising tensions about the issues of immigration and slavery. St. Louis also played a role in the American Civil War. ==Changes in government and politics== After the last Spanish lieutenant governor surrendered upper Louisiana and St. Louis to Amos Stoddard, representative of France and the United States, Stoddard was given civil command of the territory until the U.S. Congress acted further.〔Primm (1998), 72.〕 Stoddard quickly established a citizens' committee (led by leading Creole families) to write local regulations. However, Congress passed an organization law that separated the Louisiana Purchase at the 33rd parallel, with the upper part including St. Louis to be called the District of Louisiana and governed by officials from the Indiana Territory.〔 The district was divided into subdistricts that included St. Louis, St. Charles, and Ste. Genevieve, among others.〔 The act also banned the foreign slave trade and nullified any land grants greater than 640 acres made after October 1, 1800.〔Primm (1998), 73.〕 Most wealthy Creoles found the new organization law to be particularly repulsive, if not for its threat toward slavery then due to its reduction of the significance of St. Louis.〔 The Creole families and Americans who held large Spanish land grants thus petitioned Congress in 1804 to review the system.〔 The petition received support from the territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, and in July 1805, Congress reorganized the District of Louisiana as the Louisiana Territory, with its territorial capital at St. Louis.〔Primm (1998), 76.〕 The new reorganization also created a land claims board that would review large land grant claims to determine their legitimacy.〔 Jefferson quickly appointed James Wilkinson as the new territorial governor, with John Coburn, Rufus Easton, and John Baptiste Charles Lucas as territorial judges.〔Primm (1998), 78.〕 Both Easton and Lucas remained fixtures of St. Louis government well into the 19th century.〔 By 1806, Wilkinson had become widely unpopular in St. Louis due to his interference with the land claims review board and refusal to convene a territorial legislature.〔Primm (1998), 80.〕 Wilkinson also had befriended Aaron Burr, which provoked rumors that the two were planning a western rebellion.〔 Wilkinson thus was removed from office in May 1806 and replaced in early 1807 by Meriwether Lewis, explorer and co-namesake of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, who took office in March 1808.〔Primm (1998), 81.〕 Lewis's tenure was short, however, as he died on a trip to Washington, D.C. in late 1809.〔Primm (1998), 100.〕 The population of the city expanded slowly after the Louisiana Purchase, but with expansion came increased desire to incorporate St. Louis as a town, allowing it to create local ordinances without the approval of the territorial legislature.〔Primm (1998), 96.〕 After a failed effort in 1808, the local district court approved a petition from the town to incorporate, and on November 27, 1809, the first Board of Trustees were elected to represent the citizens of the town.〔 The Board of Trustees was composed primarily of members of the Creole elite and newly arrived Americans: Auguste Chouteau, William C. Carr, Jean Cabanne, Edward Hempstead, and William Christy, with Chouteau chosen as the chairman.〔 The Board primarily concerned itself with slave control, except for one ordinance banning horse racing on city streets.〔Primm (1998), 97.〕 Other ordinances created volunteer fire department companies, required the removal of dead animals from the town, and created a streets overseer who was able to order males to work on streets adjacent to their property.〔Primm (1998), 99.〕 The town also enacted a small property tax and obtained some revenue from issuing business licenses.〔 The Board of Trustees established a constabulary to enforce its ordinances, which consisted of four men who served without pay, chosen on a rotating basis from among the adult men of the town.〔 The district and town jail was located in the former masonry tower, known as Fort San Carlos, built by Leyba for the Battle of St. Louis in 1780.〔 Crime remained relatively rare until the 1810s; the city's first murder occurred in 1817.〔 In 1812, the Louisiana Territory was renamed the Missouri Territory, and from 1812 to 1821, St. Louis remained the capital of the territory.〔Primm (1998), 101.〕 In addition to renaming the territory, all subdistricts (such as St. Louis, St. Charles, Ste. Genevieve, etc.) were renamed as counties.〔 In the new territorial legislature, St. Louis County (which at that time included the town of St. Louis) was entitled to four representatives, the most of any county.〔 After the end of the War of 1812, the population of St. Louis and the Missouri Territory began expanding quickly. Between 1804 and 1810, the town increased from 1,200 to 1,400, while from 1810 to 1820, the town population more than tripled from 1,400 to 4,600.〔Primm (1998), 104.〕 It was during this influx of population that Auguste Chouteau and J.B.C. Lucas subdivided their land the west of Third Street, adding lots west through Seventh Street and doubling the width of the east-west streets.〔 Chouteau and Lucas also donated a lot to be used as a county courthouse, where in 1828 the Old St. Louis County Courthouse was constructed.〔 The population increase also stirred interest in statehood for Missouri; nearly all of the St. Louis elites (both Creole and American) supported statehood as a way of increasing their political power in the region.〔Primm (1998), 114.〕 In December 1818, Congress debated over the admission of Missouri, ending its debate with the Missouri Compromise and an Enabling Act in March 1820 that authorized Missouri to elect a state government and create a state constitution.〔Primm (1998), 116.〕 The constitutional convention of Missouri began work on June 12, 1820 in the Mansion House Hotel on Third Street in St. Louis, completing and adopting the Missouri Constitution on July 19, 1820.〔Primm (1998), 117.〕 After statehood, the first General Assembly met at the Missouri Hotel in St. Louis, where the legislature selected St. Charles as a temporary home for the state capital until Jefferson City was completed as the permanent capital.〔 St. Louisans had "no apparent regrets" at their loss of capital status, as they made little attempt to garner it.〔 Among the early decisions of the General Assembly was to take up a petition from St. Louis for incorporation as a city with a charter. The first St. Louis city charter was approved by the legislature on December 9, 1822, which was subject to city voters approval (which then passed by a margin of 107 to 90).〔Primm (1998), 118–119.〕 The first mayor of the city was a recently arrived American physician, William Carr Lane, who defeated city founder Auguste Chouteau by a vote of 122–70 in April 1823.〔Primm (1998), 120.〕 A nine-member Board of Aldermen also were elected (replacing the earlier Board of Trustees), and the city limits were expanded west to Seventh Street and north and south by approximately 5 blocks each.〔 The focus of the early city government was on improvements to the riverfront and city health conditions.〔 In 1823, the aldermen voted to regrade and pave Main (First) Street, and in 1824 voted for a general ordinance to pave streets and sidewalks and to create alleyways in all city blocks.〔 However, the paving progress was slow and most streets remained dirt through the 1830s.〔 In addition to the paving program, the aldermen voted to rename the streets, with north-south streets officially being given numbers, while east-west streets being named after trees.〔Primm (1998), 122.〕〔East-west streets, aside from Market, had not been given names by Laclede in the original system, and instead locally were given a north-south designation along with a letter (North A Street, South B Street, etc.). Mayor Lane and two aldermen were originally Pennsylvanians, and so persuaded the Board of Aldermen to adopt the Philadelphia system of tree names for east-west streets.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of St. Louis (1804–65)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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